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How Sound is Converted into an Electric Signal

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 How Sound Waves Are Converted into Electrical Signals Using Microphones, Transducers, and Sensors — Working Principle, Process, and Examples

A sound wave is converted to an electrical signal by several methods, such as…

Sound to Electric signal

Sound Waves to Electric Signal:

  • Change in the Resistance method. 

Carbon microphone.

Carbon Mic

Commercial Carbon Mic

  • Change in Capacitance method. 

Condenser microphone:

Condenser Mic Construction

Commercial Condensor Mic

  • Electromagnetic method. 

Dynamic microphone:

Dynamic Mic Construction

Commercial Dynamic Mic

Animation shows working of Dynamic Mic


  • Change in Pressure method. 

Piezo microphone:

Piezo Mic Construction

Commercial Piezo Mic

Sound to Electrical Signal conversion process: 

A speaker analogy is helpful. The same method is used in a dynamic microphone: 

When an electrical signal drives a speaker, it generates sound by too to-and-fro motion of the speaker cone.

Animation shows working of speaker


Sound is nothing but the rarefaction and compression of the air when directed towards the speaker, which will produce the same to-and-fro motion of the cone.

The speaker cone is connected to a coil that moves in and out in the strong magnetic field, thus generating voltage according to Faraday's law of induction.

Construction of a speaker

Animation shows Sound to Electric signal conversion


Speaker is transducer to convert sound to Electric signal

This is how sound is converted to an electric signal.


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FAQ Set:

Q1. What converts sound waves into an electric signal?
A1. A microphone or transducer converts sound energy into electrical energy using a diaphragm and coil or capacitor.

Q2. How does a microphone convert sound into an electrical signal?
A2. The microphone diaphragm vibrates with sound pressure waves, generating voltage variations that form an audio signal.

Q3. What are the main types of microphones used for converting sound to electricity?
A3. Dynamic, condenser, and ribbon microphones are the main types, each using different sound-to-voltage conversion mechanisms.

Q4. Why is sound-to-electric conversion important?
A4. It enables sound amplification, audio recording, broadcasting, communication, and digital signal processing.

Q5. What is the role of the diaphragm in a microphone?
A5. The diaphragm captures sound waves, vibrates accordingly, and converts acoustic vibrations into electrical voltage signals.


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